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Native Hawaiian cuisine is based on the traditional Hawaiian foods that predate contact with Europeans and immigration from China, Japan, and the Philippines. The earliest Polynesian seafarers are believed to have arrived on the Hawaiian Islands in 300–500 AD. Few edible plants were indigenous to Hawaii aside from few ferns and fruits that grew at higher elevations. Various food producing plants were introduced to the island by Polynesian peoples including taro (elephant ear) which was used to make poi, a staple on the Hawaiian Islands. Botanists and archaeologists believe that these voyagers introduced anywhere between 27 to more than 30 plants to the islands, mainly for food.〔.〕 The most important of them was taro.〔.〕 For centuries taro, and the ''poi'' made from it, was the main staple of the Hawaiian diet and it is still much loved. ‘Uala (Sweet potatoes) and yams were also planted. The Marquesans, the first settlers from Polynesia, brought ‘Ulu (breadfruit) and the Tahitians later introduced the baking banana. Settlers from Polynesia also brought coconuts and sugarcane. ʻAwa (Piper methysticum, commonly known as kava) is also a traditional food among Hawaiians. Breadfruit, sweet potato, kava and he‘e (octopus) are associated with the four major Hawaiian gods: Kāne, Kū, Lono and Kanaloa.〔(Native Food, Native Stories ) January 24, 2012 Oiwi TV〕 Fish, shellfish, and limu are abundant in Hawaii.〔 Flightless birds were easy to catch and eggs from nests were also eaten.〔 Most Pacific islands had no meat animals except bats and lizards.〔 Ancient Polynesians sailed the Pacific with pigs, chickens and dogs and introduced them to the islands.〔.〕 Pigs were raised for religious sacrifice, and the meat was offered at altars, some of which was consumed by priests and the rest eaten in a mass celebration.〔 The early Hawaiian diet was diverse, and may have included as many as 130 different types of seafood and 230 types of sweet potatoes.〔.〕 Some species of land and sea birds were consumed into extinction.〔.〕 Sea salt was a common condiment in ancient Hawaii.〔 ''Inamona'' is a traditional relish or condiment often accompanied meals and is made of roasted and mashed ''kukui'' nutmeats, and sea salt. It sometimes mixed with seaweeds〔 ==Culinary and cultural traditions== Early Polynesian settlers brought along with them clothing, plants and livestock and established settlements along the coasts and larger valleys. Upon their arrival, the settlers grew ''kalo'' (taro), ''maia'' (banana), ''niu'' (coconut), and ''ulu'' (breadfruit). Meats were eaten less often than fruits, vegetables, and seafood. Some did import and raise ''pua'a'' (pork), ''moa'' (chicken), and ''ʻīlio'' (poi dog). Popular condiments included ''pa'akai'' (salt), ground kukui nut, ''limu'' (seaweed), and ''ko'' (sugarcane) which was used as both a sweet and a medicine.〔Adams, 2006, pp. 90–92〕 The non-native species may have caused various birds, plants and land snails to go extinct.〔Burney, Back to the Future in the Caves of Kaua'i. pp. 83〕 Estuaries were adapted to fishing ponds (aquaculture). Irrigation work was also used to farm taro.〔Kirch, Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia. pp. 130-131〕 Men did all of the cooking, and food for women was cooked in a separate ''imu''; afterwards men and women ate meals separately per the ancient kapu (taboo) of separating the genders for meals. This kapu was abolished in 1819 at the death of Kamehameha I by his wife Ka'ahumanu. The ancient practice of cooking with the ''imu'' continues for special occasions and is popular with tourists. Hāpuʻu ʻiʻi, Hawaiian tree fern (Cibotium menziesii) is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and the uncoiled fronds (fiddles) are eaten boiled. The starchy core of the ferns was considered a famine food or used as pig feed. It was prepared by peeling the young fronds or placing the entire trunk with the starchy center in an ʻimu or volcanic steam vents. A saying was "He hāpuʻu ka ʻai he ai make" (If the hāpuʻu is the food, it is the food of death). Thespesia populnea wood was used to make food bowls. Cyanea angustifolia was eaten in times of food scarcity. It and the now endangered Cyanea platyphylla are known in Hawaiian as Haha. There is no fighting when eating from a bowl of poi. It is shared and is connected to the concept because Hāloa (Taro), the first-born son of the parents who begat the human race. Hawaiians identify strongly with kalo/ taro, so much so that the Hawaiian term for family, ʻohana, is derived from the word ʻohā, the shoot or sucker which grows from the kalo corm. As young shoots grow from the corm, so people too grow from their family.〔(Taro: Hawai'i' Roots )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Native cuisine of Hawaii」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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